Ethics Game Reflective Journal Essay

Nursing has evolved throughout the years. Gone are the days that the existence of nursing geared towards following the orders of senior members on the profession and initiation of routine procedures. In today’s nursing, nurses are valued and needed for their reasoning as well as intellectual skills. The changes in nursing require the desire to be more responsible and contributory to the wellbeing of those that needed care. These changes led to more complex ethical dilemmas that nurses’ encounter. This paper aims to provide a reflection on the Ethical Dilemmas presented on the Ethics Game Simulation, the decision-making steps taken to address the ethical issues, how the ethical concepts influenced the decisions made, and the application of the ethical concepts to a medical-surgical unit. The Case of the Troubled Teen This case illustrates Rachel Banks a 16 year-old teenager who got pregnant out of wedlock and currently on her tenth hour of labor on the OB/GYN unit at Seva Medical Center. She’s accompanied by her parents. Rachel’s parents are instructing the staff nurses to withhold the pain medication as punishment for getting pregnant before getting married. Since Rachel Banks is a minor, legally, the parents can decide for her. The nurses are concerned due to the possible detrimental health effects that the situation can cause to Rachel and her unborn baby, Lily. The nurses also became aware that the parents may not be fully educated on the consequences of their decision. In order to make an ethical decision on this case, I used the Baird Decision Model which provided five frameworks: Step 1: Be attentive, Step 2: Be Intelligent, Step 3: Be Reasonable, Step 4: Be Responsible, and Step 5: Be Reflective (University of Phoenix, 2013). The main issue in this case is how to ensure that Rachel and the baby get appropriate and timely medical care. I reviewed the e-mails and communications gathered in order to get a picture of the situation and see that the best possible solution arise. Upon understanding the main issue of this case, I’ve identified that the primary stakeholders includes; Rachel Banks, her parents, her unborn child, the staff nurse, and the primary nurse because they will be impacted on the decisions made in this situation. After identifying the main issue and the primary stakeholders, using the rights/responsibilities lens I was able to identify that my obligations and duties includes providing the best possible care to Rachel Banks and her unborn child, not to accommodate parents who are harming their child, and also support my staff’s professional improvement. On the results lens, I was able to recognize what would create the greatest good for the greatest number of stakeholders which was to involve the nurses and the parents in assessing need for medication intervention and also provide information for aftercare support and education. I believe that the decision made on this scenario benefits both the patient and her family. By involving the parents in the assessment of Rachel’s medical needs, conflict is alleviated and thus, creates a positive outcome. The Case of the Policies and Politics This case is about Alain Trottier, a patient brought in the emergency room by his domestic partner, Yves. Alain was admitted to the ICU unit and has been unconscious. The day- shift supervisor, Carlotta Baldwin is preventing Yves from seeing the patient and refuses provide information regarding the patient because he is not an actual family member. However, according to the hospital policy, domestic partners are to be treated as married couples for the purposes of access and, most importantly, when it must be determined who can make medical decisions for a patient unable to give their own consent. My duty as the nurse taking care of Alain is to identify the critical issue in this situation which is the equal treatment and access of gay partners at Seva Medical Center as equal to those of straight couples. Upon identifying this as the main issue, it is easier to analyze the problem. Again, the following stakeholders were identified: Alain Trottier (patient), Yves (domestic partner), C arlotta Baldwin, RN (shift supervisor), Amelia Flinch (Director of Nursing), the shareholders of the hospital, and lastly, I the staff nurse taking care of Alain. This scenario has led to the identification of relationship lens. The relationship lens focuses on the community. The main concern of this lens is to provide basic liberties to all people (University of Phoenix, 2013). The three rights represented in this case were: right to participate in decision-making for an unconscious family member, right to have hospital policy regarding participation by family members implemented, and right to be informed that your interpretation of hospital policy is inaccurate. I believe that these rights are the major component of this lens because it focuses on the patient, family, and healthcare providers. Upon understanding the basic rights related to this situation, the following actions such as educating all employees with hospital policies, establishing a taskforce to make sure that the policies are put into practice and conducting yearly audits to make sure that the policies are implemented. These actions will ensure that the patient will benefit greatly on the policies placed on the facility. Lastly, the reputation lens discusses the virtues important for leadership; core competencies such as managing diversity, problem-solving, self-knowledge, decision quality and fairness. These values are important because of the overall positive effect that it can bring to the patient and the facility. My final decision in this case is to note on Alain’s chart that Yves is to be given access and treated as family. Speak to Carlotta about my decision and let my supervisor know. I believe that this decision has no risk. This decision has demonstrated that I am fully knowledgeable on the hospital policies and also implementing what I know for the benefit of my patient. By assuring equal access will likely improve the hospital’s status in the community. Lastly, by informing Carlotta Baldwin and the supervisor know of the decision can be a message that further education is needed for all employees to be more aware and knowledgeable of the hospital policies. Ethical Dilemma at a Medical-Surgical Unit I’ve been working as a RN at a medical-surgical unit for almost a year now. I still consider myself as a novice nurse and I feel that I haven’t been exposed to a lot of ethical dilemmas. However, I believe that pain management or providing pain relief can be an ethical dilemma for any nurse. The ethical issue is this: can we as nurses undertreat a patient’s pain because we are concerned about the repercussions or because we know that the patient is addicted to the medication. I believe when challenging situations like this arise, I need to be conscious of my own biases and make evidence-based decisions that can provide optimal treatment to the patient. By not being judgmental, I can fully assess what would benefit my patient greatly and include him/her on the treatment plan- giving autonomy. By including the patient I can also decrease the harm because I will have a better understanding of what will work best for my patient, and lastly, by hindering my biases I will be able to treat my patient’s pain in a non-discriminating way possible. As nurses continues to encounter complex ethical dilemmas as the profession and society gears forward, we must still go back on the foundation of nursing in accordance to the mission of Florence Nightingale; nurses are missioners of health dedicated to the advancement of human welfare. References: University of Phoenix. (2013). Ethics Game Simulation [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HCS478 website.

Article Summary “Strategy as Simple Rules”

„Strategy as Simple Rulesâ€Å" by Kathleen Eisenhardt and Donald Sull A) Article Summary Basically the article describes how and why companies like Yahoo, AOL or Enron use simple rules in rapidly moving markets. In the past companies were able to apply complex strategies due to a simple business landscape and stable markets, but nowadays most markets are not stable any more. Markets are fast moving and so complex themselves that companies are forced to react and to simplify their strategies. Associated essay: The Proverbs of Administration Herbert Simon SummaryThe authors' central statement is that the traditional approach of staking out a defensible position misses the key to success in rapidly moving markets. That key is the ability to recognize and capitalize on fleeting opportunities. For dotcoms like Yahoo or AOL it's more important to pursue opportunities than to establish position or to leverage resources. As Kathleen Eisenhardt and Donald Sull analyzed dozens of companies in unpredictable markets, they have discovered that simple rules can be divided into five categories:How-To Rules show key features of how a process is executed. For example Enron focuses on the risk management process in its commodities trading business with two rules: 1) Each trade must be offset by another trade that allows the company to hedge its risk and 2) every trader must complete a daily profit-and-loss statement. Boundary Rules define a framework in which managers have to focus on the right opportunities and to sort out the ones which are outside the pale.Example: Cisco focuses on the acquisition process with three rules: 1) The target must have no more than 75 employees 2) 75% of those employees must be engineers and 3) the target must be within 50 miles of headquarters. Priority Rules rank the accepted opportunities. Intel for example focuses on the process of allocating manufacturing capacity with one rule based on a product's gross margin. Timing Rules synchronize managers with the pace of emerging opportunities and other parts of the company.Example: Nortel focuses on the product development process with two rules: 1) The team must know when the product has to be delivered to the key customer in order to win their business and 2) the product development cycle can be no longer than 18 months. Exit Rules tell managers when to pull out of former opportunities. One high tech company focuses on new business creation by pulling the plug on new initiatives that fa il to meet certain sales and profit goals within two years.Key processes: Each of these companies has zeroed in on one or two key processes that are critical success factors. They then set up a few simple rules to guide activity in these processes in a way that balances risk with the need to move quickly. Deciding if Simple Rules will Work for You: Most dotcom managers are faced with a vertiginous number of opportunities: partnerships, acquisitions, licensing deals, new products, new markets, new ideas, all with the potential to make or break the company.Simple Rules may be the right approach for your company to use in managing this creative chaos. B) Application The article was very interesting, it made my pensive and stimulated some new thinking. The most important thing for me – as I am a type of human being that likes complicated situations which need clever decisions to get an advantage over other competitors – was the warning about to try to apply complex strateg ies in rapidly moving markets. You'll probably work 100 hours a week if you complicate your strategy. Therefore I feel this article and t's theses as very helpful for my future career. But it is also very doubtful whether I can use this information from the outset. I think it's going to be very difficult. A lot of experience will be necessary, especially to know which opportunities should be taken and how the accepted opportunities should be ranked. Furthermore it is complicated to sort out â€Å"yesterday's opportunities† for a prospecting manager. It depends also on the industry the company belongs to. If you behold a company like Yahoo, it will be clear that applying simple rules is not the worst decision.But if you look at a traditional company like ExxonMobil, you'll see that opportunities are limited and you have to gain market share with a clever, thought-out strategy. Altogether I would say to know the three approaches and the five categories of simple rules is alread y a big advantage and one day I'll be certainly able to apply this information, especially as I am looking forward to work for a company which is part of a new business landscape. C) Opinion When I started to read and recognized company names like Yahoo, AOL or Enron, I knew this article was not the newest one.And although Yahoo is still a relatively successful company I am not quite sure whether they have always applied the right strategy. But the principle to use simple rules in a fast moving market probably is the right solution. And even I liked the article at all, I did not like the structure. Maybe because I read it on the internet and not in the Harvard Business Review Magazine, but for an article which supports a simple way of (business) life, it has a quite confusing structure. But OK, this does not bother me too much.After I had eventually printed it and had read it a second time, I was even more fascinated. Additionally I was enamoured of the caricature on the first page. It shows how complex the business landscape nowadays is and how difficult for a managers it is to find the right way between those many possibilities or to do the next step right without a signpost or somebody who can help you to capture an opportunity at the right time or to let the wrong opportunities go. In summary I think the article is full of thought provocative examples as well as being an easy read. I highly recommend it!

East of Eden Essay

East of Eden deplores many religious matters, specifically, the concepts of sibling rivalry and the age old battle between good and evil. In the biblical Book of â€Å"Genesis,† the brothers Cain and Abel offer God â€Å"the father† a sacrifice. God favors the shepherd Abel’s sacrifice of his best lamb over the farmer Cain’s grain. Subsequently, in a Jealous rage, Cain kills his brother Abel, only to be marked by God and banished to wander the earth. Stanford dropout, John Steinbeck applies the story of Genesis heavily in East of Eden; the concepts of this iblical allusion are evident in both generations of brothers. In each generation, one of the Trask brothers is moral and good while the other brother behaves badly and immorally, already we see how the Trask family parallels â€Å"Genesis. † Because the good Trask brothers are favored, the bad Trask brothers develop envious tendencies and a recurrent theme of sibling rivalry appears throughout the book. The first generation of Trask brothers, Charles and Adam, follow the Cain and Abel biblical model from the very beginning. â€Å".. it’s awful not to be loved. It’s the worst thing in the world†¦ t makes you mean, and violent, and cruel. † (Steinbeck 347). This quote epitomizes the root of all evil in the Trask generations- lack of recognition to one of the sons. When their deadbeat father Cyrus favors Adam’s birthday gift of a puppy over Charles’ expensive knife, Charles nearly beats Adam to death. Although Charles does not kill Adam, he is a clear allusion to Cain. While Adam wanders the Earth in the army, it is Charles who remains on the farm, where like Cain, he becomes marked with a dark brown scar. Adam therefor, is reflected as Abel. â€Å"Humans are caught†in their lives, in their thoughts, in their hungers and ambitions, in their avarice and cruelty, and in their kindness and generosity too†in a net of good and evil. † (127). This quote is a clear representation of the Adam and Charles relationship throughout the novel. The incident that occurred over a simple birthday gift sparked a Jealous rage that caused Charles and Adam to remain at odds with each other throughout their entire lives despite their love for each other. The next generation of Trask brothers, the dark haired Cal and fair-haired Aaron, also carry out the dynamics of the Cain and Abel tale. Cal’s Jealousy towards Aron is due to the favoritism that Aron receives from their father Adam; this is especially seen through an episode that resulted in Aarons death. For some reason, Adam favors Aron over Cal and when Cal offers his father a birthday present of $1 5,000 to help him recover his financial losses, Adam scorns him for making the money during a war-time economy. In a rage, Cal takes his brother to isit the notorious prostitute that birthed the two boys. Emotionally traumatized, Aaron runs away to the army during World War l, and dies soon after. Cal lies to Adam when asked about ‘Aaron’s whereabouts. â€Å"Where is he? † â€Å"How do I know? † said Cal. â€Å"Am I supposed to look after him? (p. 562). This sequence between Cal and Adam portrays the emotional barrier between the two that seems to bring out the untruthfulness in Cal that reflects his ancient parallel, Cain. Thus, the biblical tale plays out with Cal, although inadvertently, killing his brother. It might be the most important word in the world. That says the way is open. That throws it right back on a the concept of timshel. While psychologically shattered Adam reminisces over Cathy, Lee and Samuel share philosophical discussions over the ancient Hebrew word â€Å"timshel. † Timshel defies the pattern in the Cain and Abel tale, rather than condemning the less favored brother to a life of sin it pursues the issue of free will and grants Cal the strength to depart from the inherently bound evil motives that ossessed him at an early age.

Introduction to operations and supply chain MANAGEMENT Case Study

Introduction to operations and supply chain MANAGEMENT - Case Study Example As such, the type of forecast is demand and it is at market level since the numbers of sales seem to be increasing in the market in which the firm operates. This model has been chosen because it uses a series of demand observations over a period of time in a chronological order in order to develop forecasts. Therefore, the Last Period Model has been selected because it is assumed that the demand of each of the three drivers is constantly increasing with time. This model assumes that the level of demand for the current period is used as a forecast for the next period. For each period, it can be seen that the current demand of each driver seems to be increasing as illustrated in the table of data given. As such, this is a suitable model that can be used to forecast demand of the drivers offered by Top Slice Company. 2. According to the Last Period Model, Top Slice Company should have the expanded work cell up and running by the end of June 2012 as presented in the table given. For each month, it can be seen that the total number of the three drivers is increasing by an average of about 25. For instance, in January 2012, the number of drivers manufactured was 2559 and in February of the same year they increased to 2584 showing an increase of 25 drivers. In March 2012, a total of 2609 drivers were manufactured again showing an average increase of 25 drivers from the previous month. Therefore, the end of June is the ideal period to have the work cell up and running. As noted, the current work cell is capable of producing only 2700 drivers a month. Given the monthly average increase in the number of drivers manufactured, it can be seen that by the end of June, about 2675 drivers would be manufactured and by July, the maximum capacity of 2700 would be reached. Therefore, it is wise for Jacob to init iate the expansion of the work cell earlier in order to avoid inconveniences when the current work

Business Models And The Changing Business Environment Essay

Business Models And The Changing Business Environment - Essay Example These models are applied so that the needs of the customers can be fulfilled. The enterprises require to structure those practices in such a way that the business model connect with innovation and forming of the business strategy (Hedman & Kalling, 2003). In this report a discussion about the changing environment will be presented. This will exhibit the development in the global economy and the change in the traditional practices which lead towards technological growth and development. Innovation in communication and the development in the technology will lead to the establishment of the global trading regime. Such methods have ignited the competition because the customers have more options available for choosing from the best available option. This practice has forced the organisations in developing a more customer centred approach. This study will show the application of the business models used by Apple Inc. which will clearly differentiate the traditional and the modern way the b usinesses are structured. ACCOUNTANTS VIEW OF THE BUSINESS MODEL The business model in accounting is related to the economic theory of the firms. This is related to the measurement issues which are within the financial reporting systems. The understanding of the organisational and financial structure of the business is also referred to as the accountant’s view of the business model. The incorporation of the business model is observed in the business plan, income statement and the cash flow projections of the organisation. Similarly, the application of the model is more conceptual rather than financial. The application of the model emphasises on the use of technology, benefits to the customers, identification of the target market segment, ensure appropriate flow of the revenue, mechanism for capturing value and utilising those for accomplishing the organisational goals and objectives (EFRAG, 2013). These methods are important because they create value for the customers, entice the payments and convert the payments into profits for the organisation. This shows a direct relation with the economic as well as accounting benefits for the organisations (Hedman & Kalling, 2003). DEFINITION BY TEECE (2010) The definition presented by Teece (2010) about the application of the business model specifies that the essence of the model is more conceptual rather than financial. The knowledge which is required for developing the business model requires that there is extensive knowledge of the economy, changing trends of the business and the adaptation towards e-commerce, outsourcing of the major business functions and restructuring the financial services around the globe. The excessive use of technology and the development of the model have developed an understanding of the ways the businesses need to understand and determine the customer value (Teece, 2010). The business model has a direct relation with the theoretical foundation of the business and this requires that a n equilibrium measure is created which develops perfect competition in the real world (Teece, 2010). The customers are less concerned about the products and they are more centred towards the solutions to their needs. Innovative ideas which aim at satisfying the customer needs succeed in attracting more customers rather than the traditional methods using which the business functions

Module project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Module project - Assignment Example Even though there are various risks of doing business in Mexico such as exchange rate risk, capital risk, labor risk, and litigation risks, there are various risk mitigation strategies that can be used by the company to ensure that these risks do not pose any major threats to growth and development. Part of these risk mitigation strategies has been found to include hedging and the use of local labor. As the company enters the Mexican market newly, there is the need to identify strategic business partners and assign roles to these partners to bring about business growth. Generally, roles that can be assigned to strategic business partners include expansion, internal strategic partnership, sensitization, and resources. The dynamism of the social variables of Mexico also calls for the need for there to be the creation of social networks, out of which social capital shall be built. Going into the future, the company is expected to have a strong marketing strategy that capitalizes on the weakness and threats of existing competitors so as to ensure the creation of competitive advantage for the company. With the aim of the organization to introducing a new line of tablet computer to be known as Slate to Mexico to target the younger generation of school going age, it is important to have partners with whom this aim can successfully be implemented. For the sake of growth and expansion, there shall not just be the use of partners but strategic business partners who shall be assigned four major roles within the organization as discussed below. These are going to be partners whose role will be based on geographic coverage and with the task of ensuring that the business growths and expands on a constant basis. While studying the Mexican market, Beaudoin, and Moore (2008) noted that Mexico has a potential of offering entrepreneurs a nationwide market place. This means that unlike other countries

Ansoff Matrix for the Most Renowned Shipping Company in the World Case Study

Ansoff Matrix for the Most Renowned Shipping Company in the World - Case Study Example Various experts have provided different definitions of strategy and strategic management. Firstly, Alfred D. Chandler and   according to him â€Å"Strategy is the determination of the basic long term goals and objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals.†Ã‚  Secondly, Ansoff and McDonnell have defined strategic management as â€Å"A systematic approach for managing strategic change which consists of the positioning of the firm through strategy and capability planning and real-time strategic response through issue management.† (Cole, 2003) Strategic management is very important to identify various options that can be used as effective strategy in the process of achieving overall business objectives. There are several tools and models that are used by business organizations in order to identify various strategic options. This report deals with the identification of potential str ategic options in the context of Norden, in order to find out these options a strategic tool such as Ansoff matrix critical analysis and implementation of a theory is used. Moreover, a recommendation which is regarding the technology-driven change in the business of the organization includes the possibilities of such strategic changes driven by new technology.Dampskibsselskabet Norden, one of the oldest shipping companies in the world, was established in the year 1871. It is an independent shipping company that has its presence in different parts of the world. The company headquarter is located in Denmark. Apart from Denmark, Norden has its offices in Shanghai, Singapore, Annapolis, Mumbai, and Rio de Janeiro. The company mainly deals with tankers and dry cargo and is one of the largest organizations in the dry cargo industry. Moreover, it is one of the biggest operators of Panamax and Handymax bulk carriers. Recently the company has entered the segment of Post-Panamax. In addition to dry cargo, the company is present in the tanker segment and has almost 36 tanker vessels (DS- Norden, n.d.). There are three business departments of the operational activities of Norden which are tanker department, dry cargo, and technical department. Technical department operations are in the technical management of crewing, fleet, inspections and purchase, safety and environment.

Report one Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report one - Assignment Example Over the time I have been here, I have helped and worked in several areas (Baird 115). First, I made the emergency contact list. In this list, I wrote all the numbers that may be helpful in case of any emergency. The list includes the contacts of police, ambulance, international emergency number, management representative, and director of human resource, safety officer, administration manager and other useful contacts. Secondly, I have learnt about the OHSAS (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series), which specifies what is required of an occupational health and safety management system to make the organization capable of controlling its occupational health risks and make an improvement on its occupational health and safety performance. For the time I have been an intern in this company, I have helped in establishing a good occupational health and safety (OH&S) management system that will assist in minimizing or eliminating risks to the personnel or other parties who are interested but could be exposed to hazards concerning the occupational health and safety related to its activities. Secondly, I have taken part in the implementation, maintenance and continuous improvement of the occupational health and safety management system. Currently, the company has assured itself of how it conforms to the stated occupational health and safety policy (Baird 207). The company has yet demonstrated its conformity with the OHSAS standard through making self-declaration and self-determination. Moreover, I helped in the provision of first aid. I used the fundamental first aid, which is the original process of addressing and assessing what someone needs when he is injured or has physiological distress due to a heart attack, choking, drugs, allergic reactions, or other medical emergencies. The basic first aid skills helped me to determine the physical condition of the person and the accurate course of

Industry Analysis ( Real Estate ) Research Paper

Industry Analysis ( Real Estate ) - Research Paper Example United development group in a pioneering real estate company that dictates its operations in affordable housing, student housing, retail centers and apartment homes. The real estate market in Qatar has continued to post massive growth which occurred in the tail end of 2014 (BMI Research, 2014). The Government has plans to expand real estate business due to some prospects and developments which include the 2020 world cup and 2030 vision programme which are key to the expansion of the sector (BMI Research, 2014). The Qatar Construction Specifications set new mandates to all buildings being constructed that they should be wind-proof and seismic, have entry and exit points for people with special needs, and that the walls should provide adequate sound and heat protection. The stipulations also, take into contemplation the quality of construction materials and age of the building (BMI Research, 2014). Nevertheless, the construction debris should be recycled, dysfunctional street lights be replaced and employ the use of energy saver bulbs. Most real estate companies have expanded their production in several countries like Kuwait, Dubai and Saudi Arabia. The City Scape Qatar 2015 is a real estate development and investment galore, which will be unveiled on May, 11 will be a key role in investment opportunities (BMI Research, 2014). Online Qatar.(2015). Qatar Real Estate News: Qatar property rentals third most expensive in the world. Retrieved from

Inequalities in Chile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inequalities in Chile - Essay Example Their role in ensuring the same may well go beyond into the future with a view to making the economy great as well as rising the living standards of the citizenry. Lately, there have been emerging trends in the world that have necessitated a close scrutiny in order to unravel the reasons behind them and their relationship to growth (OECD, 2009). There exist a number of inequalities that may impact the growth prospects of a country. Therefore, comprehensive assessments should be carried out in order to establish the underlying trends so as to address this phenomenon at the earliest opportunity and unearth possible facts. Chile has always enjoyed stability in democracy as well as the economy across South America. In the whole of Latin America, the people of Chile have benefited from improved standards of living, efficiency and effectiveness of the government that has the lowest levels of corruption and a functioning democracy that serves the interests of all citizens in the region. Nev ertheless, despite having all these developments in democracy with resolute institutions coupled with a continued growth in the economy, there have been reported levels of inequality in the socioeconomic platform that can be traced from the previous leadership that failed to guarantee a fair treatment to everyone in the society (Robinson, 2001). This kind of inequality in the Latin America region emanates from social decadence with roots way back in colonialism time where the monopolistic aspect of the royal families controlled the economy to a great extent. This action left large chunks of wealth to a few individuals who became filthily affluent, something that widened the gap between those at the helm of leadership and those in the ‘working nation’ with this phenomenon staying long enough even after attaining self-government (Barron, 2009). This led to unnecessary pressures in the social setup, thus jeopardizing the stability that ensures victory within a democratic c ountry in the class of Chile. This country also followed the same route that rewards a few people in the economy which saw immense pressures mount in the 1970s due to the idea to redistribute the wealth acquired unfairly to those who never had any or those with meagre traces (Suter, 2010). To address this inequality, several policies were drafted that aimed at charting the best way possible to redistribute the wealth for the benefit of all. This was also to nationalise all other major sectors and tackle the inequality amicably. Notably, there was very little growth at the time of this inequality and there could be no growth since wealth accumulation was directed to one side of the rich and powerful (Anastassiou, 2011). However, the effort to undertake the redistribution was met with friction amongst the affected, thus bruising the economy with the unending chaos experienced that was evident from how the policies were implemented. The dictatorial leadership altered the economic struc ture leading to an eventual coup with the economy status still struggling to regain strength soon after the coup. With the elapse of time, the then general constituted a team of experts to address the problem and undertake an overhaul that saw Chile on its feet again. Their activities’ objectives were concerned with tackling inflation that was biting heavily and other monetary policies that remained strict and tight. Many barriers to trade came to an end with some tariffs facing abolishment to pave the way for more lucrative business deals within and without the country (Boesten, 2010). The economy was given a facelift that made the country start exporting some of its surplus, thus leading to a

Definition of Data Warehousing Essay Example for Free

Definition of Data Warehousing Essay Search any resource (Books, Web Sites, Papers, etc.) to find three definitions for Data Warehousing. Include the detailed information (Title, authors and the source of the definitions. For example: â€Å"Data warehousing is a collection of decision support technologies, aimed at enabling the knowledge worker (executive, manager, analyst) to make better and faster decisions.† An overview of data warehousing and OLAP technology by S Chaudhuri, U Dayal, from ACM Sigmod record, Volume 26 , Issue 1 (March 1997) Pages: 65 – 74. 1. â€Å"A data warehouse is an integrated and time varying collection of data derived from operational data and primarily used in strategic decision making by means of online analytical processing (OLAP) techniques. † from â€Å"Conceptual data warehouse design† by B. Husemann, J. Lichtenberger, and G. Vossen. Page 1. 2. â€Å"A galactic data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all enterprise business processes and departments, and about the enterprise taken as a whole. A business process-oriented data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all business processes and their interactions with one another and the external world. A department-oriented data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all departments, and their interactions with one another and with the external world.† From DKMS Brief No. Six: Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Warehousing: New Definitions and New Conceptions by Joseph M.Firestone. 3. â€Å"Physically, a data warehouse system consists of databases (source databases, materialized views in the data warehouse), data transport agents that ship data from one database to another, and a repository which stores meta data about the system and its evolution.† From Architecture and Quality in Data warehouses: An Extended Repository Approach by M. Jarke, M. A. Jeusfeld, C. Quix, and P. Vassiliadis. Provide a brief summary to compare the three definitions that you’ve found. Tell me which one is your favorite and why? The first definition explains the components of a data warehouse and also its functionality in a general way. The second definition explains the function of a data warehouse and its components specific to each kind of a data warehouse like decision making with respect to a business module. The third definition explains the components of a data warehouse but does not specify the functionality of a data warehouse. I prefer the second definition over the other two definitions.

Eva smiths diary Essay Example for Free

Eva smiths diary Essay I have just come back off my summer holiday. Me and the girls have decided to go on strike because of the wages. We only want 25shillings a week instead of 23 shillings. After I have paid for the rent for my room and food I have no money for anything else. I know Birling could afford it, it is hardly anything to say how much hes got.  Birling! I hate that name. I never want to hear that stupid name again. Im glad I never have to take a step in that stupid factory AGAIN. All we asked for 3 shillings more but no that greedy, plump, bald, fat man doesnt agree so he gave all three of us the sack. What a great position thats left me in no income, no job I will probably be out on the streets in a couple of weeks. I dont know what to do I need to look for a job now. I was lucky enough to get that job. Why did I have to open my big mouth. I bet some girls will do anything for that job, but I have to take it for advantage of it and get myself sacked. Its not like working in a factory was that bad ok the hours were long, the work was hard and there was difficult working conditions but at least I had a job. Im sorry I havent written for a while but nothings being happening. Ive had to live on basically nothing. Something so great has happened today. I went round some shops looking for a shop job and this womens clothes shop Milwards offered me a job! The pay is quite good the hours are reasonable. The boss couldnt find anybody else because of the flu. I am so pleased me and the girls are going out tonight to celebrate I hope I dont have a thickhead for my first day. Im so worried because this tom of a woman came in today and started complaining. She said I was trying to rise in to higher class all because I looked in the mirror with a dress held up against me. The boss took her side as well only because she threatened to withdraw her mothers account. That woman is nothing but a self centred, higher class, tom. Please hope and pray that I dont get sacked from Milwards its been the only reason Im still living my life. Today I got into Milwards like usually and the boss sacked me there and then. I bet it was that tom that came in earlier this week. I bet she used her selfish power to get me sacked. Now I am in this position again no job no income. I only had that job for a couple of months and I was doing a grand job at it too the black mailed boss even said so.  Ive just been reading this diary and have decided my life is not worth living as Eva Smith. All I have had is bad luck, when I thought I have had some good luck its ruined by bad luck. Ive admitted it my life is not worth living! Im going to change my life for the good. A new beginning new name Im going to call myself Daisy, thats a pretty name and might bring me good luck. I met this man called Gerald. He is so kind, so Georges hes the kind I would like to marry. This is the good part he asked me if I wanted to meet up in 2 days and of course I said yes so Im going to get myself all doled up in a couple of days to meet him. Im so excited. Theres something a bit fishy about him though!  I meet up with Gerald he has the softest touch, Hes not like the average man he is gentle and not forceful. We are now a couple now, he said we will be secret lovers. I dont know what he means by this I still think theres something strange about him but I cant explain it. He doesnt show me around to all his mates like the others he keeps me reserved. Who cares, we are together now and thats all that matters. Im going to see him on Thursday hope it goes well!

Relationship Between Doubt And Knowledge Philosophy Essay

Relationship Between Doubt And Knowledge Philosophy Essay Doubt is the key to knowledge (Persian Proverb). To what extent is this true in two areas of knowledge? Some definitions of doubt emphasize the state in which the mind remains suspended between two contradictory propositions and unable to assent to either of them. Doubt makes us aware and allows us to assess the reliability of the source of knowledge we are using. Doubt brings into question some notion of a perceived reality, and may involve delaying or rejecting relevant action out of concerns for mistakes or faults or appropriateness. The concept of doubt covers a range of phenomena: one can characterize both deliberate questioning of uncertainties and an emotional state of indecision as doubt. Doubt could be the key to knowledge but till it doesnt make the person reject everything he discovers. For example, if I doubt that I am going to flunk in IB then it is not a serious key to knowledge. If this motivates you and makes you study like mad then it is. If it discourages you then it is not. So, doubt is only a key to knowledge under certain circumstances. Moreover, there is always the danger of skepticism, that endless tendency to doubt and question. Regarding to skepticism and doubt it should be mentioned that regarding to Cartesian skepticism there is an aim to eliminate every belief that could be doubted and so Descartes keeps only the basic beliefs from which he will gain further knowledge. So doubt is the key to knowledge under certain circumstances. Doubt makes us aware and allows us to assess reliability of the source of knowledge we are using. In Science this means questioning things (attempt to falsify). Every discovery begins with a point for doubt. We see and perceive the world with the help of our senses but we dont know what is real. Natural Sciences are a quite reliable body of human knowledge, exactly because it is based on experiments and proof and has at its base the scientific method. In order to test the doubts and lead to a conclusion we follow a scientific method. First of all we ask a question which is associated with the doubt that we have and want to investigate. Then we evaluate information and so we are led to form a hypothesis. After that, we test our hypothesis with the help of an experiment in order to justify our doubt or not. In the end we observe what happened in the experiment and we draw a conclusion by either justifying our doubt or rejecting it. Avogadro, who was a scientist having studied mathemati cs and science, proposed his now famous hypothesis that equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules   and made the distinction between atoms and molecules, which today seems clear. However, Dalton rejected Avogadros hypothesis because Dalton believed that atoms of the same kind could not combine. Since it was believed that atoms were held together by an electrical force, only unlike atoms would be attracted together, and like atoms should repel. Therefore it seemed impossible for a molecule of oxygen, O2, to exist. Avogadros work, even if it was read appears not to have been understood, and was pushed into the dark recesses of chemistry libraries and ignored. In Science we can never be 100% confident in our results because during investigations many errors can occur and thats why doubting is legitimate in science. There might be some possible errors in the application of the scientific method (errors due to instruments, biases, problems of deduction/induction) which may lead to a weird result of an experiment and this would be confirmed by repeating the experimental procedure. A personal example is that in Chemistry class we had to observe water transport in a celery stalk. Due to a mistake in the method that we followed (we didnt stop the timer in the right time but later) the results came out to be strange and wrong. So, we had to repeat the investigation in order to be more accurate with time and therefore gain the results that we expect. In an IB Biology class the aim of the investigation was to see whether there is an effect of varying concentration of a certain sugar solution on the amount of osmotic activity between the solution and a potato chip of given size or not. So, we followed a certain method and then we proved that our doubt, which was that the lower concentration of the sugar solution in the beaker the larger the mass of the potato will be, was justified. This is a hypothesis not a doubt. It looks like a doubt though. This example makes us understand the fact that we cannot reach a point where everything important in a scientific sense is known because through the doubts we investigate and find everyday new things that provide us knowledge. All the above points are associated with theories that are provisional. Provisional theories are theories that are accepted until we reach a point where we reject them. What leads us to the point of rejection is doubt. Moreover, it should be mentioned that similar to provisional theories is falsification. Falsification is again based on doubt. Falsification includes theories that are provisional and need justifications and evidence in order to prove the doubt or not. At that point it should be mentioned an example of Paradigm shift which means that some established theories that were doubted have been revised. Paradigm shift is a term used by Thomas Kuhn to describe a change in basic assumptions within the ruling theory of science. An application of Paradigm shift can be seen in the natural sciences and is the acceptance of Charles Darwins theory of natural selection replaced Lamarckism as the mechanism for evolution. Gregory Mendel, before he demonstrated the whole issue for monohybrid crosses he doubted it and made a falsification. His theory was seen as a provisional explanation but after he gained evidence by crossing varieties of pea plants which had different characteristics, he demonstrated his theory which is left in the history of science as Mendels Monohybrid Crosses. In conclusion for one more time this example shows that doubt is the key to knowledge. In Mathematics like in other subjects, we built on things that we previously learned or proved. We built on axioms which are self-evident statements. We take axioms without question and from these we can use the rules of logic to work out problems. An example of an axiom is that, an odd number is a number which can be written as 2n + 1, where n is a whole number. We could not gain knowledge if we have doubt on a fundamental assumption. On the contrary some theorists believe that having no doubt can lead to error in some cases. They believe that a little sense of doubt can mean that someone is open-minded and can gain further knowledge. But in pure mathematics, everything (logic, axioms, mathematical structureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) is within the laws and conventions. Everything is deductively reasoned, and once something is proved, it is true no matter that space and time. Therefore, doubt in mathematics is not necessarily the key to knowledge. But again sometimes depends on how we define doubt. If we for example doubt that something in mathematics missing and trying to find it, we will certainly bring the development of the knowledge. One such example is Godels Incompleteness Theorem. Kurt Gà ¶del is most famous for his second incompleteness theorem, and many people are unaware that, important as it was and is within the field of mathematical logic and beyond, this result is only the middle movement, so to speak, of a metamathematical symphony of results stretching from 1929 through 1937. These results are: the Completeness Theorem; the First and Second Incompleteness Theorems; and the consistency of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis (GCH) and the Axiom of Choice (AC) with the other axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. The first incompleteness theorem states that no consistent system of axioms whose theorems can be listed by an effective procedure (essentially, a computer program) is capable of proving all facts about the natural numbers. For any such system, there will always be statements about the natural numbers that are true, but that are improvable within the system. The second incompleteness theorem s hows that if such a system is also capable of proving certain basic facts about the natural numbers, then one particular arithmetic truth the system cannot prove is the consistency of the system itself. Pythagoras theorem based on trigonometry was firstly demonstrated by Euclidis, a famous mathematician in Ancient Greece but because of his sudden death another couple doubted about the context of the theorem and therefore they reconstructed his theory centuries after his death. This example shows us that doubt is the key to knowledge since the couple guided by their doubt continued the theory and therefore expanded the mathematical knowledge. Cartesian doubt is methodological. Its purpose is to use doubt as a route to certain knowledge by finding those things which could not be doubted.] The fallibility of sense data in particular is a subject of Cartesian doubt. There is a debate on whether doubt in Ethics can or cannot be a key to knowledge. Critic and doubt in ethics examine our decisions in our everyday life and our actions from private and personal to public and political. Sometimes doubt in ethics tries to provide us with a guide for moral decisions and generally choices. Ethical axioms are tested not very differently to the axioms of science. Truth is what stands the test of time. As an example, let us suppose that abortion on demand is wrong. We want to collect relevant evidence and information to test whether our belief is reasonable and valid. One way to justify our belief is to say that abortion is wrong because abortion is murder and so murder is wrong too. Of course I should demonstrate the truth of the fact that abortion and murder are wrong and therefore to suggest that abortion which is wrong is true because the baby is alive and murder occurs since the life is taken unnecessarily. The philosopher Kant has worked with Ethics and doubt and has claimed that in order to judge an act, we should first consider what principle governs the act and to imagine what would happen if someone obeyed the principle. Kant also suggests that we judge on whether the act is good not by seeing if it produced good effects but by seeing if a consistent world is produced. Moreover another point that should be mentioned on ethics and doubt is the ethical theories. Philosophers came up with theories that help a person to define morally right behaviors. One such theory is the Deontological theory which says that people have a duty to refrain from actions that this duty will be determined by the nature of the action itself, therefore individuals should perform their duties regardless of the consequences, individuals have a duty to refrain from bad behavior and the bad behavior will be determined by the nature of the action. This theory can be applied to real-life situations where individu als have the option of doing right or wrong. The individuals should refrain from the bad behavior no matter which the consequences are. In both areas of knowledge we justify the fact that doubt is not always the key to knowledge. Actually in the second area of knowledge (mathematics), we observed that doubt can be a key to knowledge regarding to the definition that we give to doubt as a word. Therefore the starting statement of the essay, whether doubt is the key to knowledge is right but it should also be added under certain circumstances. What we would do overall is first of all not to doubt everything around us because on the one hand we gain knowledge from doubt but on the other hand, some things are deductively reasoning and once they have been proved, they are true for all time regardless of space and time. Word Count:2.079

Changing Views of Family in Society Essays -- Family

A Family Portrait: How the Picture Keeps Changing Growing up I believed that the three bears in the tale of Goldilocks were a family because they lived under the same roof and ate at the same table. I also believed that Barbie and her little sister, Skipper, were family because they looked alike, and that Mr. Potato Head and Mrs. Potato Head were family because they were married. Now that I am grown, my understanding of family has matured, and many sources have helped shape my belief. Carol Shields points out in her article, â€Å"Family Is One of the Few Certainties We Will Take with Us Far into the Future,† that all around us there are different definitions and symbols of family (Shields 558). In short, a family does not have to conform to a set mold to be considered a family. For example, a small family, such as Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head’s, still qualifies as a family. On the contrary, Webster supports a more traditional view that defines â€Å"family† as a household consisting of parents and their children. R elatives and those who share a mutual ancestor are also included in this definition (â€Å"Family† 215). Our culture’s interpretation of family is constantly changing, and an amendment to the definition should be allowed for. History tells us that a family consists of a man, a woman, and their children, but I believe that today, that definition should branch out to include non-traditional families, which in some cases could even include, pets and close friends. Thousands of years ago, a family consisted of a man, a woman, their children, their servant, and any children the man had with the servant. King Solomon from the Bible is said to have had seven-hundred wives and three-hundred concubines. His family was quite literally the siz... ...rom whether biological relatives or best of friends. Circumstances may alter the traditional sense of the word family, but human nature allows us to adapt and form our lives accordingly. With our ever changing society, maybe Hasbro Toys will someday have Mr. Potato Head leave the Missus for a certain lusty Radish and her two children. Works Cited Shields, Carol. â€Å"Family Is One of the Few Certainties We Will Take with Us Far into the Future.† Wall Street Journal, 1 Jan 2000. Elements of Argument. Eds. John E. Sullivan III and Deborah Baker. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006. 558-563. Smiley, Jane. â€Å"Why Do We Marry?† Utne Reader, Sep/Oct 2000. Elements of Argument. Eds. John E. Sullivan III and Deborah Baker. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006. 563-564. â€Å"Family.† Webster's New World Dictionary. Ed. Victoria Neufeldt. New York City: Pocket Books, 1995. 215.

General Support for Class Size Essay -- essays papers

General Support for Class Size â€Å"Of course class size is important. You have to find the child before you can teach the child (Archived†¦ 2000).† Though this opinion may seem radical to most people, you can see the underlying theme in the argument. Smaller classes allow students to have more personalized, individual attention from teachers. Many teachers and smaller class size advocates believe that such classes will allow for more constructive group activities, strengthen students’ problem solving and critical thinking skills, and accommodate for a wide range of learning paces. These advocates also believe that a reduced student to teacher ratio will give teachers more time to be innovative and develop new ideas, lead class discussions to further understanding, and give more practice exercises. For parents who want the best education for their children, these proposed effects of small class size make you wonder where the hard evidence is to back them. Project STAR Case studies have been key in generating research information on the effects of smaller class size. Similar results have been attained from studies in Tennessee, California and Wisconsin. Project STAR (Student/Teacher Achievement Ratio) in Tennessee is â€Å"one of the most important educational investigations ever carried out (HEROS, 2001).† In 1985 the Tennessee passed the proper legislation to put into effect a four year class size study of students in grades K-3, using three million state dollars. The study chose a cross section of inner city, suburban and rural schools to participate as experimental and comparison groups. The groups were divided into classrooms with small enrollment (13-17 children), regular enrollment (22-25 children), and regular en... ... The growing case for smaller classes.(2001). American Teacher v.85(no.8), p.2. Retrieved 10/9/01 from WilsonSelect database. This short resource takes a general look at project STAR in Tennessee. It also discusses how to close the racial achievement gap. Study confirms value of small class size.(2001). American Teacher v.85(no.6), p.2. Retrieved10/6/01 from WilsonSelect database. This resource discusses project SAGE. It describes why class size reduction was successful in Wisconsin. Toch, T.(1997). Does class size matter?. U.S. News & World Report v.123, p.22-5. Retrieved 10/9/01 from WilsonSelect database. This periodical discusses whether or not class size matters in achievement. This resource discusses class size in specific cases in which class size matters. It takes a look at Tennessee and California class size reduction initiatives.

Elevator History :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An elevator is a mechanism for moving people and freight from level to level in a building or any other structure. The first elevator-like structure was built in 236 BC by the Archimeds. This construction was a hoist operated by ropes and pulleys. However, the first pragmatic elevator was not developed until the 19th century. Though sensible, this elevator has been modified many times throughout the course of history and is still updated with all of the new advancements in math and technology. From the start of the production of elevators through today, there have been numerous and boundless improvements made on their structure and how they operate: all due to the advancement of mathematics and technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first elevator developed was known as a manual elevator. This system of elevators used â€Å"relay logic†. Relay logic was a simple wiring based on circuits. This type of elevator did not transfer people from one level to another, only cargo. *****  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second type of elevators was developed in the 1800s. These elevators were powered by steam. At first, these elevators were used solely to transport freight in factories and ore in mines. Unfortunately, these elevators required a safety device to restrain the elevator from dropping if it’s supporting cable broke, and this had not been invented yet. Eventually, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, Elisha Graves Otis designed the first safety contrivance for elevators. This device was a system involving spring-operated cams that affianced the guide rails in the elevator shaft when the cable broke. This secured the elevator from subsiding which enabled steam powered elevators to be used for transporting people along with cargo. This new use was caused by the precautions taken in improving the safety of steam powered elevators. It was first used for people in 1857 in New York’s own ‘Haughwout’ department store. This edifice was driven by steam power: unlike the manual elevator it had the capability of transporting people from floor to floor. Though this was a major amplification in the manufacturing of elevators, technology and mathematics were still improving allowing for even more types of ameliorated elevators to take the place of those already produced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As mathematics advanced, the third type of elevators was formulated. This being the hydraulic elevator was the first practical elevator with semblance to those of today’s time. The concept of hydraulics is somewhat based on Pascal’s Law. This stated that pressure exerted upon a liquid is transmitted in all directions at the same magnitude. This was theorized sometime in the mid-17th century yet it’s capability of advancing and Elevator History :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An elevator is a mechanism for moving people and freight from level to level in a building or any other structure. The first elevator-like structure was built in 236 BC by the Archimeds. This construction was a hoist operated by ropes and pulleys. However, the first pragmatic elevator was not developed until the 19th century. Though sensible, this elevator has been modified many times throughout the course of history and is still updated with all of the new advancements in math and technology. From the start of the production of elevators through today, there have been numerous and boundless improvements made on their structure and how they operate: all due to the advancement of mathematics and technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first elevator developed was known as a manual elevator. This system of elevators used â€Å"relay logic†. Relay logic was a simple wiring based on circuits. This type of elevator did not transfer people from one level to another, only cargo. *****  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second type of elevators was developed in the 1800s. These elevators were powered by steam. At first, these elevators were used solely to transport freight in factories and ore in mines. Unfortunately, these elevators required a safety device to restrain the elevator from dropping if it’s supporting cable broke, and this had not been invented yet. Eventually, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, Elisha Graves Otis designed the first safety contrivance for elevators. This device was a system involving spring-operated cams that affianced the guide rails in the elevator shaft when the cable broke. This secured the elevator from subsiding which enabled steam powered elevators to be used for transporting people along with cargo. This new use was caused by the precautions taken in improving the safety of steam powered elevators. It was first used for people in 1857 in New York’s own ‘Haughwout’ department store. This edifice was driven by steam power: unlike the manual elevator it had the capability of transporting people from floor to floor. Though this was a major amplification in the manufacturing of elevators, technology and mathematics were still improving allowing for even more types of ameliorated elevators to take the place of those already produced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As mathematics advanced, the third type of elevators was formulated. This being the hydraulic elevator was the first practical elevator with semblance to those of today’s time. The concept of hydraulics is somewhat based on Pascal’s Law. This stated that pressure exerted upon a liquid is transmitted in all directions at the same magnitude. This was theorized sometime in the mid-17th century yet it’s capability of advancing and

Lifespan Development and Personality

Oprah Winfrey’s development as an individual has a very unique and interesting perspective in terms of Psychological development. Ms. Winfrey is a product of an â€Å"accidental conception† by her parents. Her mother was a house maid and her father was a coil miner. At the age of 6 and 14, she was raped and sexually molested by her uncle and cousin. Her mother was often not around to help her and guide her. Ironically, even though she was having a hard time at home, she still excelled in school and had scholarship to support her education. As a growing child, she was used to poverty and hardships.After the incident of sexual molestations, she was forced to live with her dad. During these times, Oprah was helped by her dad to focus on her studies. At an age of 18 she won the Miss Black Tennessee Beauty pageant and then later on was given a job at a local radio station. Her exposure to media later evolved as she aspired to become a prominent figure in American Television years later. The forces that made big differences in her life are her childhood experiences and family as well as her experiences in her late adolescent years. The mixture of her bad memories and her successful life can be accounted on how she managed the anxieties and problems in which she might have encountered in the process of her maturity as a person.Oprah can be said to have a bad environment growing up. The way of life she lived in the poverty stricken places she grew up on might had opened her eyes on the realities of life even on   a tender age. She was not nurtured well also because her mother was irresponsible. Her father helped her to focus on her studies in her adolescent years but still had missed out a lot of important years in the childhood days. Fortunately, she overcame all adversities with her innate ability to be diligent in her goals.Even though she underwent a depressing phase in her childhood, she was also compensated later on by good education and support f rom her father. Emotionally, she might have chosen to become depressed and angry at life. In fact, she showed signs of rebellion at age 14 when she got regnant but eventually lost her baby. You can see the transition of her life as she was guided by her father. She became more focus and determined in life.There was less hostility in her environment as she entered the late adolescent and it helped her to become the person she is today. Today Oprah is known to be the good moral type of person. She is a philanthropist and helps the needy people in America as well as other parts of the globe. Her view of morality can be traced back to how she saw the injustices in her society in her childhood. The oppression of black people, the life her parents lived, and the way her classmates made fun of her due to her poverty opened her eyes on what’s right and wrong. Her ability today to empathize and sympathize is really a product of her first hand experience with the good and bad experienc es her had.Going back to her moral and emotional development, I want to focus more on the negative experiences she had in her childhood. We can see that Oprah went through a lot in her childhood. In Erik Erikson’s theory of development, she was at around stage three when her sexual molestation experiences happened. This stage is important since this is a stage where a crisis in a person’s development happens (initiative-guilt). The fact that family plays the biggest role in this stage makes her more vulnerable to level on more guilt than initiative. Instead of helping her feel purposeful and learn new skills, her family at that time mistreated her. In her next stage of development (industry and inferiority), she might had leveled on more inferiority than industry.This is where she was having troubles in school and starting to rebel on her family. She might have a sense of â€Å"inertia† or inferiority complex due to the fact that she had not strong support syste m in her family. When â€Å"inertia† happens, the child usually avoids doing something she was not able or failed to do properly (Boeree, 1997). In Oprah’s situation she might had given up on building good relationship with her family. Fortunately she was able to over come it as time went on and she stayed with her father. As she progress on to the stage five (ego-identity and role confusion crisis), she looked like she was successful in balancing out the crisis due to the fact her father offered social support for her and she was excelling in her studies.This might had giver her good amount of confidence to share herself to others and to be comfortable to be oneself. Her excellence in school and constant exposure to media might led her to develop a good social support system. Together with her father’s guidance, she had a healthy support system that helped her achieve many goals in her life. A good social support system of friends and family is vital in everyon e’s growth and security in life. After a turbulent childhood, she was able to find good connection to the world by her achievement. Later on in her life, she was one of the most powerful women in television and Hollywood. She helped people who needed help. She influenced politics. President Bill Clinton even singed an â€Å"Oprah bill† for the creations of a database of child abusers. She opened schools for people who can’t afford to go school. She directed her passion of helping other children and victims of catastrophe. She is said to be one of the most credible and influential Americans in history.Two theories of personality best apply for Ms. Winfrey. Abraham Maslow’s theory of heirrachy of needs can help us understand how Oprah’s traits and actions develop through her career and as a person. In her childhood, she was stuck on surviving on the first level of needs (physiological needs). As she grew older, she was given more and more support by her father, colleagues and friends. She was able to climb up the hierarchy of needs. By the time she was in her 20’s, she had already fulfilled the safety, belonging and esteem part of the hierarchy of needs. Today, she is seen to help others and use her past dispute in life as her tool to help and change other people’s lives.She is on a level in which she is self-actualizing and reaching out to help other since she had already fulfilled her own needs. Being in this self-actualization state, people who reached this usually has the continuous desire to fulfill his potential to become more and more of what you want (Boeree, 1997). In connection to this theory, Viktor Frankl’s theory of transcendence is a good approach in her case. Ms. Winfrey’s painful past could have destroyed her internally and made her a depressed person throughout life but instead she was able to transcend her experience to something useful to the world.She channeled her pain and suffer ing to counseling others in her show. She gave moral support to women who were abused and children who were in the same situation as her.   In comparing the two theories, Viktor Frankl stated that self-actualization is the side-effect of transcendence. In conclusion, the theory of transcendence of Frankl best accounts her behavior. Oprah’s actions and behaviors towards finding meaning in her life and helping others can be seen more of a spiritual and self less acts rather than Maslow’s theory in which people satisfy their own self-actualization needs thus resulting to helping others. Oprah over came a lot of adversities and trial in life and was able to overcome many â€Å"noogenic anxiety† that might have come in her way. She can be said to have found meaning in what she does today. She transforms her life’s experiences and lessons to something for the betterment of others.ReferencesBoeree, C. (1997). Retrieved on 24 April 2008 fromhttp://webspace.ship .edu/cgboer/perscontents.htmlBoeree, C. (1997). Retrieved on 24 April 2008 fromhttp://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.htmlBoeree, C. (1997). Retrieved on 24 April 2008 fromhttp://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/frankl.htmlBoeree, C. (1997). Retrieved on 24 April 2008 fromhttp://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.htmlDinh, M. & Murphy, J. (2008). Retrived on 24 April 2008 fromhttp://people.com/tag/oprah-winfrey/Unknown. (2008). REtrived on 24 April 2008 fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey

Cognitive science Essay

Sir William Haley once said, â€Å"Education would be so much more effective if its purpose were to ensure that by the time they leave school every boy and girl should know how much they don’t know, and be imbued with a lifelong desire to know it†. If students were guaranteed to leave school with knowing of what they don’t know and the desire to continue learning, the method of learning will be correct. Today’s education system does not give students the opportunity to enjoy what they are learning. The banking method, where students are empty vessels which educators must deposit knowledge into, deprives them of creativity and the desire to learn. No child is given the chance to shine and be unique. Students today are simply being placed on a conveyer belt, sorted, and then labeled according to their so called intelligence. We need an education system that provides a slower learning method, a method where you focus on what is being learned instead of zipping through it, and the freedom to make mistakes as this will electrify and stimulate students to fulfill their potential. We must recognize students as individuals and keep in mind their diverse backgrounds. In â€Å"Lives on the Boundary,† Rose states, â€Å"The canon has intended to push to the margins much of the literature of our nation: from American Indian songs and chants to immigrant fiction to working-class narratives† (100). The messages that are received from the text are crucial. The students need to be able to relate to what they have before them. One of the problems with today’s education system is we are given material to read, memorize, and expected to repeat it back at the snap of a finger. But without the ability to relate and connect with the material, the learning doesn’t take place. Everything that is read or being said is just going through one ear and out the other. By adding relatable texts, you add life to learning. In â€Å"Learning in the Key of Life,† Jon Spayde states, â€Å"people cannot learn what they do not love† (69). When students are reading or learning about a subject they love, they are inspired and motivated to learn more. This alone can benefit the learning process for students. It becomes much easier to grasp concepts learned in class. Today’s education system does not allow all students to thrive in their own way. It is fast paced with limited space for creativeness. We are given large amounts of information at a time and attempt to move as quickly as possible through all that we can. There is never â€Å"time† to stay longer on a topic. The instructors try their hardest to keep the pace, but this way of teaching does not benefit any student. In â€Å"Learning in the Key of Life†, Jon Spayde states, â€Å"†¦we are focusing far too much of our energy and resources on fast knowledge, ignoring all the richness and meaning slow knowledge adds to our lives† (68). When the focus is on just getting through the material, we are skipping over the value and richness of slow knowledge. Instead of zipping through a lesson because it needs to be done by a certain day to move onto the next, the focus needs to be on what is being learned than making a time requirement. Spayde also states, â€Å"You can figure out what you can do pretty quickly, but the ethical understanding of what you ought to do comes slowly†. We need to adopt the slow learning method, without it we are missing out on more than we think. There is so much more to learning than getting through the material, the purpose of it is to benefit and gain from it. With slow knowledge we will achieve this. One of the most important changes that needs to be done is the view on mistakes. In the article, â€Å"How to Make Mistakes,† Dennett states, â€Å"Mistakes are not just golden opportunities for learning; they are, in an important sense, the only opportunity for learning something truly new†. When fear is being put into a student to never make a mistake, their education is stunted. They lose the ability to explore and take the chance of being wrong because they are repeatedly punished for being incorrect. When a mistake is made, students will learn where they went wrong and will then grow from it. The key to progress is making mistakes. The reason we are in school is to learn, but with this opportunity taken away from students their ability to learn is ripped from their grasp. Daniel C. Dennett also states, â€Å"You should seek out opportunities to make grand mistakes, just so you can then recover from them†. Instead of using all of their energy to attempt to be perfect and run from being inaccurate, every student should look for every opportunity to be wrong. Without errors, the students can not accomplish much. If you look at Todays’ education system is in desperate need of change. No student is given the opportunity to show what they are fully capable of. Instead they are told what they can do. They are simply labeled and placed where they â€Å"should be†. But when students begin to pursue their mistakes and soak in the richness of slow knowledge, they will begin to truly learn. Maria Montessori once said, â€Å"If education is always to be conceived along the same antiquated lines of a mere transmission of knowledge, there is little to be hoped from it in the bettering of man’s future. For what is the use of transmitting knowledge if the individual’s total development lags behind? †. If many students are having difficulty learning in the method we have created ages ago, why not change it? The time is now and there is no time to waste. We must refocus this outdated system to insure that the students will have a secure future and keep the standard of living that we have today.

Provisions and Contingencies

Scenario 1Fact: Energy Inc. (Energy, or the Company), which operates in the oil industry, is a U.S. subsidiary of a U.K. entity that prepares its financial statements in accordance with IFRS and U.S. GAAP. A draft law in a country where Energy operates in, which requires a cleanup of land already contaminated, will possibly be enacted shortly after the year-end.Issues: Should Energy recognize a provision, (i) in reporting under IFRSs, and (ii) in accordance with U.S. GAAP?Analysis: (i) Under IFRSs, Energy should recognize a provision for the cleanup costs in its 20Ãâ€"1. IAS 37-14 states a provision shall be recognized if â€Å"(a) an entity has a present obligation, (b) it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; and (c) a reliable estimate can be made.† When it is not clear if there is a present obligation, IAS 37-15 also defines a present obligation as obligation that â€Å"more or likely than not is r isen by a past event after taking accounting of all available evidence†.Moreover, IAS 37-22 also specifically provides that â€Å"where details of a proposed new law have yet to be finalized, an obligation arises only when the legislation is virtually certain to be enacted as drafted†. As it is virtually certain that the law will be enacted shortly after year-end, it is highly possible the Company will be required to clean up the contamination. The amount of obligation is also estimable, as the Company has cleaned up contaminations in other countries in which it operates. As a result, Energy should recognize a provision.(ii) Under U.S. GAAP, Energy should recognize a loss for the cleanup costs in its 20Ãâ€"1 financial statements. ASC 450-20-25-2 provides that â€Å"an  estimated loss from a loss contingency shall be accrued by a charge to income if (a) information available before the financial statements are issued indicates it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated†. If the draft law is enacted, Energy will be required to clean up the land that was contaminated by the Company’s operations. In addition, it is virtually certain that the law will be enacted shortly after the year-end. Therefore, it is probable that Energy has incurred a liability because the draft law will likely be enacted. Also, the amount of cleanup cost can easily be estimated as the Company has cleaned up its contamination in other countries in which it operates. As a result, a provision should be recognized.Scenario 2Fact:FuelSource Co (FuelSource or the Company), which operates in the oil industry, is a U.S. subsidiary of a U.K. entity that prepares its financial statements in accordance with IFRS and U.S. GAAP. The Company operates in Dirty Country where it has no environmental legislation that requires cleanup of contamination. However, FuelSource and its U.K . parent have a widely published environmental policy to clean up all contamination and have a record of honoring the policy.Issues: Should FuelSource recognize a provision, (i) in reporting under IFRSs, and (ii) in accordance with U.S. GAAP?Analysis: (i) Under IFRS, FuelSource should recognize a provision for its cleanup cost. IAS 37-17 defines obligating as â€Å"a past event that leads to a present obligation†. IAS 37-17(b) further explains that â€Å"in the case of a constructive obligation, where the event (which may be an action of the entity) creates valid expectations in other parties that the entity will discharge the obligation†. As FuelSource and its U.K. parent tend to honor  their widely published environmental policy to clean up all contamination, it creates expectations in other parties that their operation in Dirty Country will follow their global policy as they always did in the other countries.The environmental policy creates a constructive obligati on as a result of their record of honoring the policy even though legal obligation does not exist in this case. Since FuelSource has a constructive obligation as a result of a past event and an estimable cleanup cost will be required to settle the obligation, it meets all of the requirements to recognize a provision under IAS 37-14. Therefore, FuelSource should recognize a provision under IFRS.(ii) Under U.S. GAAP, FuelSource should not recognize a loss in its financial statement, and is not required to disclose the potential obligation of the cleanup cost. ASC 410-30-25-1 requires â€Å"the accrual of a liability arisen by environmental obligation if both (a) it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred; and (b) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, are met†.To determine the probability of an environmental remediation liability, ASC 410-30-25-4 further explains that â€Å"two elements need to be met: (a) litigation has commen ced or a claim or an assessment has been asserted or, commencement of litigation or assertion of a claim or an assessment is probable; (b) it is probable that the outcome of such litigation, claim, or assessment will be unfavorable†. However, in this case, the Company has no legal obligation to clean up the contamination in Dirty Country as there is no such environmental legislation that requires to do so. Moreover, cleanup of contamination in other country outside of United States is not required by any of the Federal laws or Codification.It is remote that there will be any litigation; claim or assessment asserted that FuelSource would be responsible for participating in a remediation. Therefore, it fails both of the criterions under ASC 410-30-25-4 and recognition of a provision is not required. ASC 450-20-50-6 states that â€Å"disclosure is not required of a loss contingency involving an unasserted claim or assessment if there has been no manifestation by a potential clai mant of an awareness of a possible claim or assessment†. As there is no law or regulation that requires a cleanup in Dirty Country, disclosure is not required by the Codification.Scenario 3Fact: A number of changes to the income tax system are introduced by the government and Energy, or the Company, will have to retrain its administrative and sales workforce to ensure compliance with new system. No retraining has taken place as or the balance sheet date.Issues: Should Energy recognize a provision for the expected costs to retrain the staff (i) under IFRSs and (ii) in accordance with U.S. GAAP?Analysis:(i) Under IFRS, Energy should not recognize a provision for the expected costs to retrain the staff. IAS 37-14(a) specifically requires â€Å"a provision shall be recognized only when an entity has a present obligation as a result of a past event†. As no obligation was imposed by the government to provide the training to its staff or the obligation is not owed to any third party, the liability should only be recognized as it occurs (when the retraining takes place). Furthermore, IAS 37-80(b) provides that â€Å"A restructuring provision shall include direct expenditures that are not associated with the ongoing activities of the entity† and IAS 37-81(a) specifically states that â€Å"a restructuring provision does not include such costs as retraining or relocating continuing staff†. As a result, no provision should be recognized, as the retraining of the staff does not arise any present obligation since the retraining has not taken place yet and it does not qualify as a restructuring expenditure.(ii) Under U.S. GAAP, Energy should not recognize a loss in its financial statement for the current year. ASC 450-20-25-2(a) provides that â€Å"An estimated loss shall be accrued if it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred†. As the changes of income tax did not impose any obligation on the Company by the government or company policy to provide retraining of the staff to ensure compliance with the system, the Company has no liability at the time of the change or before the year-end as the retraining has not  taken place yet. ASC 450-20-25-4 further explains that â€Å"the condition in ASC 450-20-25-2(a) is intended to proscribe accrual losses that relate to the future periods†. As the retraining of staff would enhance the efficiency of future operation, it will become a liability to the Company as it occurs. Therefore, the retraining shall not be recognized as a loss for the current year.Scenario 4Fact: FuelSource, or the Company, is required to install smoke filters in its factories by June 30, 20X2 under new legislation. FuelSource has not yet installed the smoke filters as of December 31, 20X1.Issues: Should FuelSource recognize a provision of December 31, 20X1 (i) under IFRSs and (ii) in accordance with U.S. GAAP?Analysis: (i) Under IFRS, FuelSource should not recog nize a provision but disclose a contingent liability. IAS 37-19 specifically states that â€Å"It is only those obligations arising from past events existing independently of an entity’s future actions that are recognized as provisions†¦In contrast, because of commercial pressures or legal requirements, an entity may intend or need to carry out expenditure to operation in a particular way in the future (for example, by fitting smoke filters in a certain type of factory). Because the entity can avoid the future expenditure by its future actions, for example by changing its method of operation, it has no present obligation for that future expenditure and no provision is recognized†.In this case, FuelSource should not recognize a provision as it has no present obligation at this point of time and installing smoke filters would allow the Company to avoid future expenditure. However, IAS 37-86 states that â€Å"unless the possibility of any outflow in settlement is re mote, an entity shall disclose each class of contingent liability at the end of the reporting period a brief description of the nature of the contingent liability†. FuelSource will be  required to disclose the information regarding of the contingent liability in its financial statement(ii) Under U.S. GAAP, FuelSource should not recognize a loss in the financial statement for the current period. ASC 450-20-25-2 explains that â€Å"the purpose of the conditions described in (a) and (b) is to require accrual of losses when they are reasonably estimate and relate to the current or a prior period†¦even the losses that are reasonably estimable shall not be accrued if it is not probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of an entity’s financial statements because those losses relate to a future period rather than the current or a prior period†. Since the new legislation does not require the Company to install smoke filte rs until June 30, 20X2, which is after the balance sheet date, it has not yet incurred a liability to the Company as of December 31, 20X1. As a result, it fails the timing requirement under ASC 450-20-25-2 and FuelSource is not required to recognize a provision. ï » ¿Provisions and Contingencies Scenario 1Fact: Energy Inc. (Energy, or the Company), which operates in the oil industry, is a U.S. subsidiary of a U.K. entity that prepares its financial statements in accordance with IFRS and U.S. GAAP. A draft law in a country where Energy operates in, which requires a cleanup of land already contaminated, will possibly be enacted shortly after the year-end.Issues: Should Energy recognize a provision, (i) in reporting under IFRSs, and (ii) in accordance with U.S. GAAP?Analysis: (i) Under IFRSs, Energy should recognize a provision for the cleanup costs in its 20Ãâ€"1. IAS 37-14 states a provision shall be recognized if â€Å"(a) an entity has a present obligation, (b) it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; and (c) a reliable estimate can be made.† When it is not clear if there is a present obligation, IAS 37-15 also defines a present obligation as obligation that â€Å"more or likely than not is r isen by a past event after taking accounting of all available evidence†.Moreover, IAS 37-22 also specifically provides that â€Å"where details of a proposed new law have yet to be finalized, an obligation arises only when the legislation is virtually certain to be enacted as drafted†. As it is virtually certain that the law will be enacted shortly after year-end, it is highly possible the Company will be required to clean up the contamination. The amount of obligation is also estimable, as the Company has cleaned up contaminations in other countries in which it operates. As a result, Energy should recognize a provision.(ii) Under U.S. GAAP, Energy should recognize a loss for the cleanup costs in its 20Ãâ€"1 financial statements. ASC 450-20-25-2 provides that â€Å"an  estimated loss from a loss contingency shall be accrued by a charge to income if (a) information available before the financial statements are issued indicates it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated†.If the draft law is enacted, Energy will be required to clean up the land that was contaminated by the Company’s operations. In addition, it is virtually certain that the law will be enacted shortly after the year-end. Therefore, it is probable that Energy has incurred a liability because the draft law will likely be enacted. Also, the amount of cleanup cost can easily be estimated as the Company has cleaned up its contamination in other countries in which it operates. As a result, a provision should be recognized.Scenario 2Fact: FuelSource Co (FuelSource or the Company), which operates in the oil industry, is a U.S. subsidiary of a U.K. entity that prepares its financial statements in accordance with IFRS and U.S. GAAP. The Company operates in Dirty Country where it has no environmental legislation that requires cleanup of contamination. However, FuelSource and its U.K . parent have a widely published environmental policy to clean up all contamination and have a record of honoring the policy.Issues: Should FuelSource recognize a provision, (i) in reporting under IFRSs, and (ii) in accordance with U.S. GAAP?Analysis: (i) Under IFRS, FuelSource should recognize a provision for its cleanup cost. IAS 37-17 defines obligating as â€Å"a past event that leads to a present obligation†. IAS 37-17(b) further explains that â€Å"in the case of a constructive obligation, where the event (which may be an action of the entity) creates valid expectations in other parties that the entity will discharge the obligation†. As FuelSource and its U.K. parent tend to honor their widely published environmental policy to clean up all contamination, it creates expectations in other parties that their operation in Dirty Country will follow their global policy as they always did in the other countries.The environmental policy creates a constructive obligation as a result of their record of honoring the policy even though legal obligation does not exist in this case. Since FuelSource has a constructive obligation as a result of a past event and an estimable cleanup cost will be required to settle the obligation, it meets all of the requirements to recognize a provision under IAS 37-14. Therefore, FuelSource should recognize a provision under IFRS.(ii) Under U.S. GAAP, FuelSource should not recognize a loss in its financial statement, and is not required to disclose the potential obligation of the cleanup cost. ASC 410-30-25-1 requires â€Å"the accrual of a liability arisen by environmental obligation if both (a) it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred; and (b) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, are met†.To determine the probability of an environmental remediation liability, ASC 410-30-25-4 further explains that â€Å"two elements need to be met: (a) litigation has commenced or a claim or an assessment has been asserted or, commencement of litigation or assertion of a claim or an assessment is probable; (b) it is probable that the outcome of such litigation, claim, or assessment will be unfavorable†. However, in this case, the Company has no legal obligation to clean up the contamination in Dirty Country as there is no such environmental legislation that requires to do so. Moreover, cleanup of contamination in other country outside of United States is not required by any of the Federal laws or Codification.It is remote that there will be any litigation; claim or assessment asserted that FuelSource would be responsible for participating in a remediation. Therefore, it fails both of the criterions under ASC 410-30-25-4 and recognition of a provision is not required. ASC 450-20-50-6 states that â€Å"disclosure is not required of a loss contingency involving an unasserted claim or assessment if there has been no manifestation by a potential claiman t of an awareness of a possible claim or assessment†. As there is no law or regulation that requires a cleanup in Dirty Country, disclosure is not required by the Codification.Scenario 3Fact: A number of changes to the income tax system are introduced by the government and Energy, or the Company, will have to retrain its administrative and sales workforce to ensure compliance with new system. No retraining has taken place as or the balance sheet date.Issues: Should Energy recognize a provision for the expected costs to retrain the staff (i) under IFRSs and (ii) in accordance with U.S. GAAP?Analysis: (i) Under IFRS, Energy should not recognize a provision for the expected costs to retrain the staff. IAS 37-14(a) specifically requires â€Å"a provision shall be recognized only when an entity has a present obligation as a result of a past event†. As no obligation was imposed by the government to provide the training to its staff or the obligation is not owed to any third p arty, the liability should only be recognized as it occurs (when the retraining takes place).Furthermore, IAS 37-80(b) provides that â€Å"A restructuring provision shall include direct expenditures that are not associated with the ongoing activities of the entity† and IAS 37-81(a) specifically states that â€Å"a restructuring provision does not include such costs as retraining or relocating continuing staff†. As a result, no provision should be recognized, as the retraining of the staff does not arise any present obligation since the retraining has not taken place yet and it does not qualify as a restructuring expenditure. (ii) Under U.S. GAAP, Energy should not recognize a loss in its financial statement for the current year. ASC 450-20-25-2(a) provides that â€Å"An estimated loss shall be accrued if it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred†.As the changes of income tax did not impose any obligation on the Company by th e government or company policy to provide retraining of the staff to ensure compliance with the system, the Company has no liability at the time of the change or before the year-end as the retraining has not  taken place yet. ASC 450-20-25-4 further explains that â€Å"the condition in ASC 450-20-25-2(a) is intended to proscribe accrual losses that relate to the future periods†. As the retraining of staff would enhance the efficiency of future operation, it will become a liability to the Company as it occurs. Therefore, the retraining shall not be recognized as a loss for the current year.Scenario 4Fact: FuelSource, or the Company, is required to install smoke filters in its factories by June 30, 20X2 under new legislation. FuelSource has not yet installed the smoke filters as of December 31, 20X1.Issues: Should FuelSource recognize a provision of December 31, 20X1 (i) under IFRSs and (ii) in accordance with U.S. GAAP?Analysis: (i) Under IFRS, FuelSource should not recogniz e a provision but disclose a contingent liability. IAS 37-19 specifically states that â€Å"It is only those obligations arising from past events existing independently of an entity’s future actions that are recognized as provisions†¦In contrast, because of commercial pressures or legal requirements, an entity may intend or need to carry out expenditure to operation in a particular way in the future (for example, by fitting smoke filters in a certain type of factory). Because the entity can avoid the future expenditure by its future actions, for example by changing its method of operation, it has no present obligation for that future expenditure and no provision is recognized†.In this case, FuelSource should not recognize a provision as it has no present obligation at this point of time and installing smoke filters would allow the Company to avoid future expenditure. However, IAS 37-86 states that â€Å"unless the possibility of any outflow in settlement is remot e, an entity shall disclose each class of contingent liability at the end of the reporting period a brief description of the nature of the contingent liability†. FuelSource will be  required to disclose the information regarding of the contingent liability in its financial statement(ii) Under U.S. GAAP, FuelSource should not recognize a loss in the financial statement for the current period. ASC 450-20-25-2 explains that â€Å"the purpose of the conditions described in (a) and (b) is to require accrual of losses when they are reasonably estimate and relate to the current or a prior period†¦even the losses that are reasonably estimable shall not be accrued if it is not probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of an entity’s financial statements because those losses relate to a future period rather than the current or a prior period†.Since the new legislation does not require the Company to install smoke filters u ntil June 30, 20X2, which is after the balance sheet date, it has not yet incurred a liability to the Company as of December 31, 20X1. As a result, it fails the timing requirement under ASC 450-20-25-2 and FuelSource is not required to recognize a provision.